Effects of Absent Fathers on Adolescents Essay -- Social Issues, Divor

The role of the father, a male figure in a childs life is a very crucial role that has been diminishing over the years. An absent father can be defined in cardinal ways the father is physically not present, or the father is physically present, but emotionally present. To an adolescent, a father is an idolized figure, someone they flavor up to (Feud, 1921), thus when such a figure is an absent one, it can and will negatively affect a childs development. Many of the problems we cause in society today, such as crime and delinquency, poor academic achievement, divorce, drug use, early pregnancy and sexual activity can be attributed to fathers beingness absent during adolescent development (Popenoe, 1996 Whitehead, 1993). The percentage of adolescents growing up fatherless has risen from 17% to 36% in except three decades between 1960 and 1990 (Popenoe, 1996). Dr. Popenoe estimates this subprogram will increase to approximately 50% by the turn of the century (Popenoe, 1996). The US Census Bureau reported out of population of 24 meg children, 1 out 3 live in a home without a father (US Census Bureau, 2009). The role of a father is more than just another parent at home (Popenoe, 1996). Having a father, the male biological parent in a childs life is important because it brings a different type of parenting that cannot be replicated by anyone else (Stanton, 2010). Fathers who are present and active in a childs life provide great benefits to a developing child (Popenoe, 1996). Having a father brings a different kind of love. The love of the father is more expectant and instrumental, different from the love of a engender (Stanton, as cited in Pruett, 1987). The effect of an absent father can be quite devastating to the developing ad... ...istics, 1999). McBride, Brent A., Sara K., Sullivan, and Ho-Ho (2005) reported about the achievement levels in a adolescent who grows up with a father, A study of 1330 children from the PSID showed that fathers who are involved on a personal level with their child schooling increases the likelihood of their childs achievement. When fathers assume a positive role in their childs education, students feel a positive impact. (p. 201-216). Children who do not grow up in a two parent homes, are more likely to fail and repeat a grade in school. It is also important to note that children who grow up in single parent families are less likely to have parents involved with the school, 62% of children with two parent homes have parents that are involved in school, age children from single parent homes have half of them involved in school (Nord, Winquist, West, 2001).

Modern Industrial Economy :: essays research papers

The Modern Industrial EconomyBefore the beginning of the eighteenth century, Europe was in dire need of a transformation. One that would change their style of life, not only for the well being of the countries, but for the people as well. This transformation could mean the development of nations into world powers. This need was fulfilled by hotshot word, industrialization. Perhaps the biggest change in history was the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. This was not only carrying economic changes, but social changes as well. This extensive mechanization from home manufacturing to large-scale factory production was without doubt, the largest conversion for labor fabrication. lets take a look at some necessities for a country to industrialize. First of all, raw materials would be needed in whatever attention you would want to develop. Without a source of power or materials, the product would not be able to be produced at a large factory. Surplus of viands is another ne cessity for industrialization. Without this extensive food supply, laborers would not be fed properly which could result in catastrophic losses. Another major element in the development of industry is entrepreneurs. Since Britain had a sizable middle-class with entrepreneur ideas, they seemed to fit more and more into this equation. Labor Force is also a large indorser to this cause. With an ability of laborers to leave their homes and go into factories, people started realizing the positive effects of big business. One distinct feature that was possessed by Britain was wealth. At the time, Great Britain was one of the wealthiest nations and could afford to dump large sums of money into buildings and export. Finally, one of the last things that were needed that could limit all the other elements is the possession of a government that was open to freshly ideas. If people in a nation could not get their government to back the ideas, they would have nothing. It was up to the entrepre neurs to convince the government officials that money could be do and power could be established.But why did Britain industrialize first? In the beginning of the 18th century, these qualities were not that noticeable. Actually, the Netherlands and France were just as wealthy at the time, had every bit skilled populations, and had just as powerful of an empire. The French government truly was seen as more quick to respond, especially in the area of transportation and communication.

The Rejection of Svidrigailov in Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

The Rejection of Svidrigailov in Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment Raskolnikov would reject Svidrigailov because he knows that this man has designs against his sister. Dounia has been his main concern for the past twin chapters-he hounds Svidrigailov not because he enjoys his company, but he worries endlessly about his intentions. Svidrigailov and Raskolnikov at the bar engage in a conversation about Dounia and the interactions of her and he at the house of Marfa Petrovna. Raskolnikov is eventually duped by the base Svid., and he lets him be after he has jumped on a carriage and is speeding down the road-he is not acquittance to the Islands though, he is coming back and has a meeting scheduled with Dounia. Svidrigailov, like Porfiry, employs tacit and devious tactics. Raskolnikov realizes this, and he resents Svidrigailov for this. There is another very important lawsuit why Raskolnikov hates Svid. As Hobbes pointed out, if a person knows that another man knows the truth about a lie he is telling, or is in the position to get word out such information, he will subsequently hate that person no matter what previous relation they were in. This hate and dislike can be repressed, but even then it still has the ability to come out in a deluge of rejection. Raskolnikov, so far, has been able to repress his anger towards Svidrigailov and too Porfiry. He does scream at Porfiry to either arrest him or let him be, but he is much less outwardly forceful with his anger. Does Svidrigailov represent Raskolnikovs black side? Does he embody the ideas and philosophies of Raskolnikov? Perhaps it is easy to say yes-to simplify this great work of a philosophy and psychological writing. It is much better to head up away from the trap though of simply saying that he is the representation of R.s evil side. The story is much deeper than that. Svidrigailov molests, irks, and bothers young women who do not wish to be associated with him. He panders to their weakness and self-admittedly uses deception to win them for his own. This is not Raskolnikov. Raskolnikov is the man who conceives a theory-a theory that actually had the better of society as its aim-Svid. simply exists in a nihilistic atmosphere of vice and wanton behavior.

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Ban

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoodes Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On 1 Hollywood is no longer just a name, it is a business, a living entity holding Americas people in its grasp, and it is not about to let them go. Gradually taking on more than business and trying to build up its reputation over the years, Hollywood has progressively assumed the position of history-teller for the American public. This role, whether or not an appropriate one for an perseverance such as Hollywood to tackle, has catapulted actors and actresses into high paying, high visibility positions. History has and will continue to be one of the main subjects that the movie industry has been hypnotized with. It is an alive and very fragile subject that, through its multi-dimensional character, requires careful attention by everyone involved in the project. Whenever Hollywood tackles an historical topic, whether portraying a non-disputable factual event or only a vaguely one, the industry is bound to encounter dispute and criticism. 2 Regardless of how careful the director, producer, and actors are at being true-blue to the subject matter, then, the question still remains whether or not Hollywood is a legitimate resource for historical matter. Is it possible for a dramatic, high priced and glitzy average to be honest and true to its subject matter in such a way that viewers are not confused but more educated walking out than they were walking in? Is the Movie Theater any place for history to be learned? Directors fight and argue that hence Hollywood is equally as reliable and legitimate a source as other texts. The movies provide a more immediate resource, allowing history to transfer from the dreaded school subject to an appea... ...-. Conduct Unbecoming Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military Vietnam to the Persian Gulf. sunrise(prenominal) York St. Martins Press, 1993. ---. The Mayor of Castro Street The Life & Times of Harvey Milk. rude(a) York St. M artins Press, 1982. The True Virus. The Economist 8 June 1991 (v319 n7710) 83. Video Against AIDS. v1-3. Curated by John Greyson and Bill Horrigan. The Video Data Bank with V Tape/Canada, 1988 Voices From the Front. Video. Dir. Robyn Hutt, David Meieran and Sandra Elgear. Cinemax/Vangaurd Cinema, 1991. Wallis, Claudia. Battling AIDS more(prenominal) Misery, Less Mystery. Time 29 April 1985 68. Weintraub, Bernard. Stars Flock to Be in HBO Film About the Early Years of AIDS. Rev of And the Band Played On, by HBO Productions. New York Times 11 Jan 1993, Current Events ed. C11. Werth, Barry. By AIDS Obsessed. GQ Aug 1991.

Florences Market in the Renaissance Essay -- Mercantile Economy

THESIS STATEMENTDuring the reincarnation, Florence profited from a mercenary economy due to the guilds, the quality and transition of goods and the style and management of the market place.PURPOSE STATEMENTThrough historical and economic data this research paper will express how Florence flourished from a mercantile economy in the Renaissance.INTRODUCTIONThe Renaissance was the rebirth of Europe and it all started in the city of Florence. Florence and ever soything that made a standard Renaissance city painters, sculptors, writers, architects, and a vivid culture. Soon all of Europe would follow in Florences footsteps and the setting is so rich, varied, rambunctious, and inventive as Italy in the Renaissance (Cohen 1). The painters and sculptors defined Renaissance culture and could actually make a living because they were being sponsored. The Renaissance was the age of the merchants and because of the merchants the economies and culture rose. The Renaissance is remembered by many people for the works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. What many people do not know about the Renaissance is that the textile industry was more famous and profitable than the painter industry. Florence was the place to sop up any of your goods because of its location. Merchants went to Florence to contend their unique goods, buy, sell, or make cloth, and attend the guilds.Florence was the trend-setter of the Renaissance, whatever they did everyone else wanted to do because Florence was very successful. No great city has ever been built far from the water Florence was now more vulnerable, but it had easy access to an important trade route. It had good communications by river to the west, and practicable passes through the mountains ... ...ll come to buy things. The markets still sell the same things like food and clothing but they also sell collectibles, souvenirs, and leather items. Florences markets still sell things you never seen before just like the merchants did in th e Renaissance. Florences leather, silk, and cloth items are still popular around the world. U.S. importers set a high value on Florences products, and tourists spend freely in its fashionable shops (Florence). The quality of goods is has still withstood the years and Florence is still well-known for its leather and silks. The owners of the stalls in the markets still like to haggle about the price of their goods and some of them feel insulted if you do not haggle with them. Florences start in the Renaissance as the Renaissance city has served them throughout the years and are they still one of the top cities in the world.

Florences Market in the Renaissance Essay -- Mercantile Economy

THESIS STATEMENTDuring the renascence, Florence profited from a mercantile economy due to the guilds, the quality and variety of goods and the style and management of the foodstuff place.PURPOSE STATEMENTThrough historical and economic data this research paper will express how Florence flourished from a mercantile economy in the Renaissance. submissionThe Renaissance was the rebirth of Europe and it every last(predicate) started in the city of Florence. Florence and everything that made a standard Renaissance city painters, sculptors, writers, architects, and a vivid culture. Soon all of Europe would follow in Florences footsteps and the setting is so rich, varied, rambunctious, and inventive as Italy in the Renaissance (Cohen 1). The painters and sculptors defined Renaissance culture and could actually work up a living because they were being sponsored. The Renaissance was the age of the merchants and because of the merchants the economies and culture rose. The Renaissance is re membered by many people for the works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. What many people do not know about the Renaissance is that the textile industry was more famous and profitable than the painter industry. Florence was the place to get any of your goods because of its location. Merchants went to Florence to sell their eccentric goods, buy, sell, or make cloth, and attend the guilds.Florence was the trend-setter of the Renaissance, whatever they did everyone else wanted to do because Florence was very successful. No great city has ever been built far from the water Florence was now more vulnerable, but it had easy access to an important trade route. It had good communications by river to the west, and practicable passes through the mountains ... ...ll come to buy things. The markets noneffervescent sell the same things like food and clothing but they also sell collectibles, souvenirs, and leather items. Florences markets silent sell things you never seen before secure like the merchants did in the Renaissance. Florences leather, silk, and cloth items are still popular around the world. U.S. importers set a high value on Florences products, and tourists spend freely in its fashionable shops (Florence). The quality of goods is has still withstood the years and Florence is still well-known for its leather and silks. The owners of the stalls in the markets still like to haggle about the price of their goods and some of them feel insulted if you do not haggle with them. Florences start in the Renaissance as the Renaissance city has served them throughout the years and are they still one of the top cities in the world.

Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision?

Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision? Gener on the wholey, ethic is similar to chaste value that regulates the behavior of people and we use ethic to justify what is sort out and wrong. line of business Ethic is whence the standard to justify what is good or gravid in making a business concern conclusiveness or in running a business (Geer, 1994). Business ethic is relevant to both conducts of individuals and business organizations. Some of the efforts just simple ignore the business ethics and run the business practically as profit was the sole target for them. Ethical march mechanism may non be practical to a business, while practical action may not be honorable to others.It constitutes an ethical dilemma. A managing director should therefore strike a brace between ethical and practical before making a decision. In this paper, I will explore approaches to voice communication ethical dilemma and what aspects will be considered before making an ethical business decis ion. I will use the encumbranceism industry as an role model to examine that derriere an enterprise only focus on business ethic or the profit and whether or not the business ethics argon the key element for it to consider before making decision. I will examine both the positive correlation and negative correlation and draw a conclusion at last.We always wonder what be our ethical standards base on and how can we apply those standard to different circumstances. M each ethicists and philosophers dupe suggested several(prenominal) approaches to address ethical dilemma. The most common three approaches suggested are the utilitarian approach, moral right approach, justice approach (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). Utilitarian approach is to admit a decision base on ethical action that can maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. It care fors with consequences and emphasizes the result of a decision.harmonize to the definition, ethical business action is an action that benefits the stakeholders, the corporation, and the environment most. However, it is difficult to find out what is good due to changing characters and behaviors (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, Meyer, 2010) and people may not always have the comparable view on what is a good and what is harm. The moral right approach is based on human nature that people can find what they want to do on their own. They have the right of free consent, the right to privacy, the right of freedom of conscience, the right of free speech, the right to due process and the right to life and safety (BrowneM.Neil Browne (Author) Visit Amazons M. Neil Browne PageFind all the books, read around the author, and moreSee search results for this authorAre you an author? Learn about Author Central , Giampetro-Meyer, Williamson,2003). check to this approach, ethical action is the best action to protect and respect the stakeholders moral right. Right withal imp ly duty, base on this approach people in addition have duty to respect others rights. However, we cannot ensure that the companies maintain the ethical standards depend on their highest value priority.The justice approach bases on the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle that all equals should be treated equally. According to this approach, the ethical actions treat all people equally or fairly based on a standard which is defendable (Conroy, 2010). Favoritism and discrimination are therefore unjust and wrong. However, this approach may not have adequately accounts for the rights and needs of everyone affected and it is difficult to see if the decision is based on a defensible standard or an imbalance of power (Yuter, 2008).All approaches mentioned above help us to address ethical dilemma and to come what we do can be considered as ethical. Although, it is difficult to putting the approaches together as they explain what is ethical in different ways, they give us almost information to determine what is ethical in different circumstance. The majority of business decisions contain ethical issues, we only have to decide how to fit the issues into the business actions and deliberate how much they should be considered (Cadbury, 2002).We should have the ability to determine ethical issues and then weigh the consideration that should influence our business action in rescript to make a good decision (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). There are five elements enterprises used to think of before evaluating a decision. They are profit, fairness, reputation, community care and sustainability. Profit loosely means economic profit, that is, the difference between the total revenue and the total address (both explicit and implicit) of an enterprise.As assumed in economics, everyone is self-interested and they tend to maximize their profit to pass profit maximization. Profit is important in business world, especiall y in profit-making company as profit and money give motivation for business to go (Williams, 2010). It therefore is an essential element being considered when making business decision. Fairness and reputation is another two elements. Fairness is the mechanism of how we achieve the ideas of just, equal, good, ethical or moral (Bothamley, 1993). story is the feeling or opinion of other people towards an enterprise. It can be defined as the result of what you do, what you say, and what other people say about you. When a companys reputation for honesty or safety is damaged, it may cause serious impact on the business (Burkhardt, 2008). Community take will be considered as an element for making business decision also. Community Care is a firms obligation as a moral agent extends beyond its legal and economic obligations, to the pursuit of long-term goals are good for society.Assumed that all businesses obey law and pursue economic interest, community care is done voluntarily, but not w hat it must do by law or they choose to do because of economic sense (Besser, 2002). Sustainability is the capacity that an enterprise can endure or survive in the market. It is about the doing business better, working with others and staying in business in long run. The enterprise should use portion of labors and resources in order to part with money, to communicate to the stakeholders and to gain others loyalty in order to be sustainable.Enterprises should consider these five aspects with the approaches mentioned before making business decision. For example, if an enterprise wants to make profit ethically, it should focus more on the fairness when it makes decisions. Take the Hong Kong tourism industry as an example. In March this year, a Hong Kong tour charter of Wins Travel Agency discontented with the insufficient shop amount of the tourists. She threatened the mainland tourists that if they did not go shopping, she would not let them to eat and did not declare oneself hote l to them for accommodation. She used unethical method to force tourist to shop in order to earn more.A tourist recorded what she said and has spread the telly online, which seriously influence the tourism image of Hong Kong (Sina, 2010). The cause of this exemplar is the introduction of zero-fee tour. Zero-fee tour was introduced during 2003 the SARS period in Hong Kong. It is tour which charges tourists less(prenominal) than the basic cost of airline tickets, accommodation and attraction tickets. As this kind of tour is charged under-cost, the run short agencies can only earn a profit by receiving complaint and tipping from shops (Lu, 2006). According to Wong (2010), we can examine the business ethical problems in two ways.In the view of the travel agency, that is the enterprise, they have to transfer the costs to the service providers in order to save costs of the company as the tour is charged under-cost. The travel agencies therefore do not give basic salaries to the tour repoints, and force them to contend shopping in order to earn commissions from different shops. Also, some of the travel agencies may require the tour guides to pay in some cost member in advance and delay the repayment to the guides. In the view of tour guides, they dont receive any salaries in zero-fee tours.They will earn energy if the tourists do not shop therefore they tend to force or even threaten tourists to buy in order to earn shopping commissions and tipping. This damage the tourism image of Hong Kong seriously. Using utilitarian approach, the business action should be base on ethical action that can maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. According to Velasquez, Andre, Shanks and Meyer (2010), to use utilitarian approach we should first determine the course of the business action and then find the benefits and harms of fetching the action for all stakeholders.In this case, only Wins Travel Agency gains benefit. The tour guide has no sal ary in serving a zero-fee zero, she did not earn much benefit and had to force the tourists to shop. The business action harmed the tourists, as they were treated badly by the tour guide and are forced to shop. The tourists also had to buy things in unreasonable price as the shops marked up the price of their products in order to pay for the shopping commissions. Also, the action harmed the image of Hong Kong tourism. The action is not ethical as the courses of it cannot maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people.By using moral right approach, we should first indicate what rights are involved in a specific case, and then see if the business action conflicts with the rights (Hamilton, 2009). In this case, the tourists had the right of freedom they can refuse to shop if they do not want to. The tour guides action was unethical as she threatened the tourists and forced them to shop in order to fulfill the shopping amount. Also, the tour guides action conflict the tourists right to life and safety as she threatened them that they would not be provided a place for accommodation.We should cope the distribution first when using justice approach. We have to know who gain benefits and who suffer from losses, and then see if the distribution of the business action is fair (Hamilton, 2009). According to this case, Wins Travel Agency gained benefits as it have saved costs and the tour guide suffered from losses as she did not earn any salary. It is unethical that the enterprise did not provide the tour guide with basic salary. The tour guide really provided service for the company, and it was not fair for her to receive no pay while other guides not serving zero-fee tour received salaries.Also, it is unfair that those tourists who bought few products were treated badly as all tourists joined the same tour and they had not required to shop when they joined the tour. Now, I would examine why Wins Travel Agency made the decision to provide this kin d of tour according to the five aspects mentioned. Firstly, the enterprise mainly focused on profit. Providing this kind of tour, the enterprise need not to pay salaries to the tour guides and it can receive a great deal of commission from shops as most tourists from mainland spend a lot in shopping.Also providing zero-fee tour attracts a great deal of people from mainland to visit Hong Kong, the volume of sales of the enterprise would therefore increase (TICHK, 2009). The enterprise considered less in fairness and reputation. It did not pay the tour guide any salary except the shopping commission although the tour guide deserved to get salary after providing service. It is unfair that the enterprise did this action. As the tour guide was not paid, she treated the tourists badly, this not only damaged the reputation of the enterprise but also that of Hong Kong tourism.In sustainability, the enterprise can use division labors and resources to save costs. However, it communicated to t he stakeholders unsatisfactorily as it did not know what the tour guide and the tourists needed. Also, it cannot gain others loyalty in order to be sustainable. Finally, in community care, the enterprise did less beyond its legal and economic obligations. Other than increased the sales figure in the tourism industry, it did less that benefited the society. Wins Travel Agency therefore made decision mainly based on profit rather than business ethics.In conclusion, different businesses would make decisions base on different aspects. They should use the utilitarian approach, moral right approach and justice approach to address ethical issues before evaluating a decision base on the five elements. According to the case above, purely base on making profit practically does not really bring much benefit to an enterprise. Enterprises should therefore strike a balance between practically making profit and the business ethics. It is very important for enterprise to consider ethical issues bef ore making decisions as it is unavoidable. Reference Andre . C, Velasquez .M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T (2010), Calculating ConsequencesThe Utilitarian Approach to Ethics Andre . C, Velasquez . M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T, McLean . M. R, DeCosse . D, Hanson . K. O (2009), A Framework for Thinking Ethically Besser T. L (2002), The Conscience of Capitalism Business Social responsibility to Communities Bothamley . J (1993), Dictionary of Theories, LondonGale Research International Browne . M. N, Meyer . A. G . , Williamson. C (2003), Practical Business Ethics for the Busy Manager Burkhardt . R (2008), Reputation Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Cadbury .A (2002), Case Histories in Business Ethics, Conroy . M (2010), An ethical approach to leading change an alternative and sustainable application Geer . H. D. (1994), Business Ethics in Progress Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Justice Test Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Rights Test TICHK (2009), Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong Lu . J (2006), Zero-fee practice damages travel industry Sina (2010), News on Sina. com Williams . W. E (2010), Profit versus Nonprofit Wong . W (2010), Chairman of Hong Kong Association of Registered Tour Co-ordinators, News Yuter R. J (2008), A Fair and equilibrate Approach to Social Justice

Manager Production Essay

GENDER Fewer differences surrounded by men and women that affect job performance. GENDER 1. Women are more(prenominal) willing to conform with authority. 2. Men are more aggressive and more likely to have expectations of success. 3. Women with pre-school children prefer part-time work, flexible work schedules, and telecommuting to accommodate family responsibilities. GENDER 4. No consistent male-female differences in ? ? ? ? ? ? caper solving ability Analytical skills Competitive drive Motivation Sociability Learning ability 5. Absenteeism no signifi put forwardt differences.People in the workplace do identify more withpeople like themselves so in some cases there may be opportunities given to people ground on the position that they are like their supervisor. RACE & ETHNICITY People in organization may favor employees of their own race. On the basis of race people some quantify get lower ratings in interviews, paid less and promoted less frequently. Some scholars argue that it is not productive to discuss race for policy, biological, genetics and anthropological reasons. advance Tenure refers to the length of time people have been on the job and is tied to senior status.Recent evidence demonstrates a positiverelationship between seniority and job productivity. Tenure (work experience) appears to be a good predictor of employees productivity. Longer a person stays in a job, less likely to quit. kick upstairs In terms of both frequency of absence and turnover, tenure is the single most important explanatory variable. Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior. Tenure and job satisfaction are positively related. Stable predictor of job satisfaction than chronological age. OTHER BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Religion May advert the workplace in areas of dress, grooming and schedulingSexual Orientation Federal law does not protect against discrimination (but state or local laws may). domesticated partner benefits are important considerations. 3. Gender Identity Relatively new issue transgendered employees. INTELLECTUAL ABILITY Ability defined as an individuals capacity to perform the various tasks associated with the job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. Intellectual ability are abilities pauperisationed to perform mental activities like, thinking, reasoning, difficulty solving etc. INTELLECTUAL ABILITY.Smart people generally earn more money andattain higher levels of education. General Mental Ability (GMA) takes a look at overall intelligence and is generally recognized by researchers. Wonderlic Personnel Test is generally used as a quick beatnik of intelligence in the hiring/recruitment process. DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITY Number Aptitude Verbal Comprehension Memory Spatial Visualization Intellectual Ability deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Perceptual Speed NUMBER APTITUDE Is the ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic. Will be effective in jobs requiring ma thematical ability, such as an Accountant.VERBAL COMPREHENSION Verbal comprehension is the ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to severally other. This ability will be helpful in jobs where the manager needs to understand policies in order to carry out their job tasks. PERCEPTUAL look sharp Perceptual speed is the ability to identify visual similarities and differences apace and accurately. This particular ability is helpful when an employee needs to take in a lot of data and make decisions about the patterns, such as a Detective or Inspector. INDUCTIVE REASONING.Inductive reasoning ispresent when an individual can identify a logical sequence in a problem in order to help find a solution. An employee who needs to make decisions about the future based on historical information will need this ability. DEDUCTIVE REASONING Deductive reasoning is the ability to use logic and assess the implications of the argument. When making choices betw een two different possible solutions to a problem, a manager would need to call upon their deductive reasoning skills. SPATIAL VISUALISATION.Spatial Visualization is when someone can imagine how an object would look if its positionin space was changed. An employee who needs to make decisions about office setup or interior design would need to have a high level of spatial visualization ability. MEMORY Memory is the ability to retain and recall past experiences. Individuals who need to act quickly in a situation, such as a paramedic or nurse, would need a significant degree of memory ability. INTELLEGENCE & JOB SATISFACTION plot of land intelligence is a big help in performing a job well, it doesnt make people happier or more satisfied with their jobs. The coefficient of correlation between intelligence & job satisfaction is about Zero.

Physical Attractiveness and Criminal Behavior

Physical unattractiveness, deformity, and disfigure manpowert have been associated with evil since antiquity. In the Iliad, Homer described the wicked Thersites as possessing thin hair over a misshapen head, with one blinking eye and a lame leg. Physiognomy (the science of reading personality characteristics into facial features) traces its practice to Homers Greece. When Socrates was convicted for heresy and the corruption of younker in the fifth century B. C. , a physiognomist charged that his face betrayed a brutal disposition.Greek culture embraced the notion that mind and body were interconnected if a sound mind went together with a sound body, the implication was that a twisted mind resided in a deformed body. Aristotle confirmed this view in his Metaphysics when he reasoned that the essence of the body is contained in the soul. These opinions were ensconced into law in medieval Europe. Among those accused of demonic possession, ecclesiastical edicts interpreted sizeable wart s and moles on the throw together as physical signs of the entry point of the devil into the soul (Einstadter and Henry 1995).Secular law directed jurists to convict the uglier of two people who were under equalise suspicion for a crime (Wilson and Herrnstein 1985). In an echo of these sentiments some years later, Shakespeargons Cassius, in Julius Caesar (Act I, Scene II), is judged a dangerous man by his lean and peckish look. The link between unattractiveness and unlawful behavior remained alive and well in 20th-century American popular culture.In his famous comic strip and in the movies it inspired, cartoonist Chester Gould shrewdly contrasted the squ atomic number 18-jawed, clean-cut good looks of detective Dick Tracy with cutthroat criminals like the flat-headed Flattop, the pointy-snouted Mole, the wrinkle-cheeked Pruneface, and the big-bottomed Pear Shape. Hollywood imitated science in Johnny Handsome (1989), a feature movie about a robber with grotesque facial deform ities who reforms after receiving extensive cosmetic procedure.Some of the earliest criminological researchers shared this thinking. Physiognomy persisted throughout the eighteenth century, most notably in the work of Swiss scholar Johan Casper Lavater, whose influential Physiognomical Fragments appeared in 1775. One hundred years later, Italian prison physician Cesare Lombroso published Criminal Man (1876), a famous study that attributed criminal behavior to what he termed atavism, an inherited condition that made offenders evolutionary throwbacks to more primitive humans.By conducting autopsies on 66 deceased criminals, and comparing 832 living prison inmates with 390 soldiers, Lombroso created a list of physical features that he believed were associated with criminal behavior. These stigmata included sloping foreheads, asymmetrical faces, large jaws, receding chins, abundant wrinkles, extra fingers, toes, and nipples, long arms, short legs, and excessive body hair-hardly the im age of handsome men. The notion that criminal behavior was related to physical anomalies was dealt a severe blow by the publication of Charles B. Gorings The English Convict in 1913.This study subjected 37 of Lombrosos stigmata to empirical testing by comparing 2,348 London convicts to a control group that represented a cross section of young Englishmen. Goring found little support for Lombrosos arguments, concluding that criminal behavior is caused by inherited feeblemindedness, not physical appearance. Undaunted by these results, Harvard anthropologist Earnest A. Hooton conducted an ambitious 12-year study that compared 13,873 male prisoners in 10 states with a haphazard sample of 3,023 men drawn from the general population, searching once more for physical differences.Hooton published his findings in The American Criminal and Crime and the Man, both books appearing in 1939. The books attributed criminal behavior to biological inferiority and degeneration, ascribing a variety of u nattractive physical characteristics to criminals (including sloping foreheads, compressed facial features, drooping eyelids, small, protruding ears, projecting cheekbones, narrow jaws, pointy chins, and go shoulders). By the 1930s, however, biological research was rapidly losing favor, as criminologists increasingly argued that social factors alone cause criminal behavior.Hootons research was ridiculed in particular, one sociologist dismissing his findings as comically inept in historic proportions (or the funniest academic performance since the invention of movable type Reuter 1939). Hooton was condemned for his circular reasoning offenders were assumed to be biologically inferior, so whatsoever features differentiated criminals from noncriminals were interpreted as indications of biological inferiority. Despite the skepticism of many sociologists regarding these attempts to link physical unattractiveness to criminal conduct, self-derogation and general strain theories can expla in this relationship.Self-derogation possibleness asserts that youth who are ridiculed by peers lose self-consciousness and the motivation to conform (Kaplan 1980). General strain theory claims that repeated noxious, unwanted interactions produce disappointment, depression, frustration, and anger (Agnew 1992). both theories see delinquency and crime as means of retaliation that boosts ones self-worth or vents ones anger. Certainly, unattractive youths are prime candidates for noxious ridicule that results in low self-esteem and emotional strain.Only a handful of modern studies have tested the relationships among attractiveness, criminal behavior, and perceptions about crime. Saladin, Saper, and Breen (1988), for example, asked 28 students in one undergraduate psychology tier to judge the physical attractiveness of a group of photographs of young men. Forty students in another psychology class were asked to examine the same photographs and then treasure the probability that those pictured would commit either robbery or murder.The researchers found that men rated as less attractive also were perceived to be given to commit future violent crimes, suggesting that unattractive people are more likely to be branded as criminals. Another study randomly locomote 159 photographs of young men incarcerated in juvenile reformatories with 134 photographs of male noble school seniors (Cavior and Howard 1973). College sophomores in psychology courses were asked to rate the facial attractiveness of these youth.Significantly more high school seniors were judged attractive than males from the reformatories. In the fascinating policy-oriented research that became the basis for the movie Johnny Handsome, surgeons performed plastic surgery to correct deformities and disfigurements (e. g. , protruding ears, broken noses, unsightly tattoos, and chivy track marks from intravenous drug use) on the faces, hands, and arms of 100 physically unattractive men at the time of their re lease from Rikers Island jail in New York City (Kurtzberg et al. 1978).These ex-convicts were matched against a control group of equally unattractive inmates released from the jail who received no reconstructive surgery. When the researchers compared recidivism rates one-year later, those who received the surgery had significantly fewer rearrests. Apparently, improved appearance resulted in improved behavior. These research findings are preliminary and suggestive more definitive studies using better measurements are needed. In particular, future research should relate ratings of physical attractiveness to the self-reported riminal behavior of persons taken from the general population. Such studies would rule out the possibility that unattractive offenders are more likely to appear in jails and reformatories simply due to the prejudices of the police and prosecutors. Nevertheless, existing research hints that the folk wisdom dating back to the ancient Greeks may have some basis in r eality. Physical appearance is related to self-worth and behavior as the adage goes, pretty is as pretty does. When it comes to criminal behavior, the gelid may be true as well.

Huckleberry Finn: Hypocrisy in “Civilized” Society Essay

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a sequel to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain illustrates the gray states and slavery. Published in 1884, the novel focuses on the important issues that affected America. These issues included racism, slavery, civilization and greed. The book has become one of the most contr everyplacesial books ever written. The animosity has grown to the point that the novel became banned in several states due to its racial and slavery context. Various symbols, quotes and events have been used in the novel to fate lip service in the civil conjunction in the novel. Hypocrisy in the cultivated society is chosen by the recognized rules and regulations by the society. The regulations and rules disregard terra firma since they favor a particular group and at the akin time obtain unfairness against other groups. One example that illustrates the hypocrisy in the civilized society is the instance where the judge who arrives in the town, who is apparentl y new, allows Hucks father Pap to gain custody over Huck (Twain, 25).In the identical instance, Jim, a fugitive slave, does not receive custody over his children under the same legal system. Hypocrisy and ridiculousness is indicated when the judge awards custody of Huck over Pap regardless of the danger that Pap, who is a drunk, is to his son. However, the judge awards custody to Pap based on his position as Hucks biological father. However, the same law does not apply to Jim who does not gain custody of his children despite him being the biological father of his children. Another example that illustrates the hypocrisy in the civilized society in the novel is the feud between Grangerford and Shepardson. The dispute between the Grangerford and Shepardson families is based on reasons that are worthless to twain of them. However, both families engage in violent murders of the family members in an effort to maintain family honor. The families are deemed extremely educated and civilize d. The reason that led to the dispute between the two families resulted from the elopement of Sophia Grangerford, Buck Grangerfords sister and Harney Shepardson.However, the families have always been in a dispute that has lasted for 30 years for reasons that are unsure. The two families after learning of the elopement bring weapons to church. However, both families, using their guns, vote out their family members at the growth of the feud. Regardless of the families civilized status, hypocrisy is shown where both families kill each other over a meaningless feud. Another example that indicates hypocrisy in the civilized society in the novel is the biased punishment of crimes according to the societys rules and regulations. This is shown by the non-judgment of the Duke and the queen regardless of the fraudulent schemes that both con artists involved in the community.Huck and Jim rescue the Duke and the King and offer them their raft. The first scheme begins when both criminals prese nt fake identities to Huck and Jim. The Duke introduces himself as the side Dukes son, also known as the Duke of Bridgewater whereas the King presents himself as the Lost Dauphin as well as Louis XVIs son and Frances designated King (Twain, 144-145). Additionally, one of the con artists, the Duke, takes advantage of Jims race and position as a runway slave and prints leaflets that offer $200 reward to any individual that manages to catch the runaway slave. The Duke is able to do this by occupying an abandoned printing shop in which he was able to print the handouts (Twain, 156).The con artists use the simulated military operation as a way of buying them time and unrestricted travel for a day. However, most of these crimes that the two commits go unpunished regardless of the statement that the society is civilized and enlightened. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a controversial novel that includes the racial prejudices that characterized conventional America during the civil war. Regardless of the novel narrating a fictional story on certain events, the novel also highlights the current issues that affect the present society. The issues of slavery and racism are still obvious in the world today.Works CitedTwain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York hit-or-miss House, 1996. Print.

Choose one scene or incident Essay

Choose one impression or incident, which seems to you to be of crucial importance in the development of the play. Explain its importance and outline the dramatic consequences of decisions which ar made or events which take place. Hamlet is a play which seems to me to have an incident of crucial importance which has dramatic consequences. This incident occurs in strike III, scene III, where the King Claudius is kneeling in thought, too guilty to pray to God. This provides Hamlet with the key luck to put an end to his procrastination and kill the King to examine revenge, unless Hamlet does not act.This inaction has many dramatic consequences, one of which eventually is Hamlets own death. From the outset, Hamlet has been conveyed as a passably sensitive young adult, he is in truth indecisive and for much of the play, struggles between his duty and his conscience. Hamlet is a thinker, and this may in fact, have proved to be his downfall. He finds spontaneity impossible and tortures himself with his thoughts from Act I scene V, where his catch tells him of his uncles actions and begs for revenge to be sought, until the final scene, where Hamlet finally takes action.Although depressed and demented about his fathers death and his mothers hasty marriage, Hamlet is completely devastated by the news that his fathers ghost brings him. He was already angry at his mother and disliked his new step father as he saw him to not be fit for similitude with his father So excellent a King, that was to this Hyperion to a satyr This also shows just how high a regard he had for his father, he has obviously acquired this posture of perfection where his father is concerned and we cannot help feeling that this must be exaggerated.Hamlets initial reaction to the news that his father was murdered was dishonor and then anger which soon turned into unease about what he should do. Hamlet wishes to seek revenge, but his disposition makes this difficult, it simply is not in his natu re to plot and kill someone in cold blood. So whilst struggling with this decision he removes himself from suspicion by feigning madness. During this metre of thought (mostly during Act II) Hamlet becomes very depressed and moody, he also contemplates suicide on more than one occasion To be or not to be yet cannot tackle his conscious even for a decision over this.Hamlet then, becomes angered by the moving acting of a player, he finds fault in everything about himself and feels cowardly for not yet having taken any action. The only action to get out from this is another plan which enables him to procrastinate even further. He decides that he cannot trust this ghost in case it is in fact an evil daemon and puts on a play to find the truth through his uncles reaction. This plan works and leads to the incident which could have changed the play entirely.Hamlet feels he cannot kill his uncle at this time, there is dramatic irony in that the reader knows that Claudius is in fact not at prayer, as he feels he cannot talk to God, so Hamlet has really been provided with the perfect opportunity to seek revenge for his father. nevertheless another reason Hamlet does not act may be the fact he was on his way to see his mother, At one time Hamlet had an incredibly close relationship with his mother, maybe he views trying to convert his mother as higher in priority than seeking revenge. each way, Hamlet does not act and this leads to many dramatic consequences. Hamlet, then carries onto his mothers chamber, still with the rage that he felt after the confirmation of his fathers murder. He then has an in depth talk with his mother. Hearing a noise which was made by Polonius who was spying on the conversation, Hamlet strikes without persuasion and kills Polonius. Hamlet was able to act here due to the lack of time or thought to allow a conscience decision, this was not a premeditate murder like the one which his fathers ghost asked of him.Hamlet could not have possibly seen the effect that his actions would have. Ophelia, whom he had once cared for, and had also greatly upset during his time of feigning madness, was driven to despair by both the rejection of her lover and death of her father. She firstly went mad and then died as a result of it. She did not fully commit suicide but lost the will to strive to live. When Hamlet found out about Ophelias death he was overwhelmed with grief and guilt which he then turned into anger and fought with Laertes in Ophelias grave.The killing of Polonius also had a knock on effect with Laretes, he was already irate and vengeful because of his fathers murder, this was greatly heightened when he heard of his sisters death. With this wish for revenge on Hamlet, Laertes played straight into the hands of Claudius and became zero more than his pawn. Laertes had a completely different nature from Hamlet in that he found no qualms in acting instantly when he hears of his fathers murder, he had one aim and that is revenge To cut his throat i the church this contrasts greatly with Hamlet as he wouldnt even kill Claudius when he suspected he was at prayer.The King hatched a plan to kill Hamlet, he couldnt do this publicly as he was very popular with the subjects of Denmark. The duel scene is very dramatic and becomes the climax of the play, and this situation would never have been reached the point where practically everyone dies if Hamlet had simply used his opportunity in Act III scene III, and hadnt hesitated.

Cognitive Skills in Baseball

Cognitive Skills in Baseball By Garrett Pape Lamar Community College The skills that people handling on a daily basis be extraordinary, the way we use these skills can be extraordinary or disastrous. There are so many another(prenominal) things that a human accomplishes with physical activity, yet these physical activities are started with a set of skills that most human beings have. These skills involve the header and are called cognitive skills. The brain is where all activity starts before a person does anything their brain tells them how to do it.For example, if a person wants to pick up a cup of water dark of the table, their brain will order their hand to the right placement for you to be able to accomplish the task at hand. Cognitive skills, likewise k straight offn as cognition, are know to influence peoples lives daily. These influences will affect a persons life in ways that are not understood by most. A persons thoughts can be described as a use of cognition. This co gnitive skill is very broad, but when nonpareil looks at their thoughts they will understand why things happen the way they do.Now were talking most something known as, The Self-fulfilling Prophecy. This prophecy is looked at in particular to negative thoughts, but the same consequences hold true for cocksure thoughts. Kenrick describes the Self-fulfilling Prophecy in his online book, Social Psychology Goals in Interaction, (2011) 5th Edition, as when an initially inaccurate antepast leads to actions that bm the expectation to come true (Kenrick, Neuberg, and Cialdini pg. 79).When a person has thoughts about something they can easily change the outcome of the thought by changing their perspective about it. For example, in baseball cognitive skills are taught exclusively at times, allowing players to arrogate simple tasks that can easily go wrong. In baseball, thither are many aspects of the adventure that differ physically but have little difference mentally. During practic e a heap on a baseball aggroup practices his physical skills by throwing what is known as a bullpen. A bullpen is when the pitcher practices throwing all of his pitches for strikes.This consists of a pitcher and a catcher. It is easy for a pitcher to go into his bullpen and throw strikes because he does not have a high risk of failure, there is not a hitter there competing against him. So, he can easily watch over by throwing strikes. When a hitter steps into the batters box facing the pitcher there is physically only one difference in a game to the bullpen, the hitter. The pitcher must still throw the exact same strike as he did in the bullpen, now the use of cognition really affects the pitcher.With the hitter putting for risk for failure into play, the pitcher can either use his cognitive skills to help or scandalize him. If the pitcher throws the exact same pitches that he practiced, the hitter would not have a very high chance of hitting the pitch. The way a pitcher can hel p himself through cognitive skills are simple but affective. When evaluations are positive, thoughts are completed rapidly, and you get right on with your thinking about the next pitch. When the evaluations are negative you have a difficult time forgetting the event.Many times youre still thinking about what went wrong on the anterior pitch or play, as youre beginning to throw the next pitch(Dorfman and Kuehl pg. 301). This can directly result in a repeat of the outcome, positive or negative. If something has gone wrong and a person is still thinking about it while seek to perform the next task, they are mentally preparing themselves to repeat the failure. Same holds true for positive outcomes, and the repetition of success. The key to using this set of skills is to master a positive outlook on whatever it is one is trying to accomplish.This sounds very easy, but if you have ever failed in your life, it is very easy to quit or say, I cant do it. Children learning red-hot things i n school will tell themselves that they cannot do something after failing at it at once, they will get frustrated and quit. Good teachers will pick them up and show them that they can do this, and they can do it on their own. With baseball the term dont is used quite often. This term is actually frowned upon in baseball because of its meaning, or lack there of.There is really no definition for the word, dont. An example of this term for a pitcher could be, dont give up a homerun, if there is no definition for the word dont, then what is really being said? If a person asked carbon pitchers, what happened after you told yourself dont give up a homerun? , 100 pitchers would say they gave up a homerun. Keeping the positive outlook and fancy oneself succeed will result in success. One way to keeping the positive outlook is to picture the event taking place in your head, picture success.After picturing yourself succeed, you have already seen yourself accomplish the task. This makes it much easier and proves in your own head that you can do it. Seeing yourself in your head fail will also prove that you cannot do it and are incapable with that outlook. Gary Mack, the author of, Mind Gym, quoted Ty Cobb saying, The most important part of a players game is above his shoulders. Mind Gym is an athletes address to inner excellence. This promotes positive thoughts and picturing yourself succeed before ever physically performing the task.Referring to baseball, Yogi Berra a famous catcher said, 90 percent of the game is half(prenominal) mental. Yogi is known for saying bizarre things that somehow makes sense. This quote is leaden to understand but is viewed as the majority of the game has to do with your mental approach. view positive thoughts is easy, but how easy is it when somehow failure seems to take over. Athletes get into what is known as, slumps. Slumps are a period of time when the athlete is performing poorly, or below their ability.How can a person stay fo cused on thinking positive thoughts when they are in a slump? It is a hard thing to do, but Getting Focused, Staying Focused takes on an approach to keeping a positive head on your shoulders. By studying the highly genuine judicial decisions of the Yogis, Martial Artists, and Zen Masters of China, Japan, and India, the Soviets devised and instituted mental training techniques that enabled their athletes to perform under the most pressure-filled conditions with a clear, calm and controlled mind(Jaeger pg. i). Further in the book explains that once competition starts, the game is purely mental. Practice and preparation will get you ready and prove you are able to physically perform the event, being reassured and picturing success will let you use your physical skills to their full capability and the game becomes easy. Practice is meant for the game to become second nature, it is when we are not confident with ourselves that the game becomes a foreign language. Most mental flaws com e from what is known as dead time.Dead time is a gap in performance that interrupts our performance. Athletes can get in the zone and success becomes effortless. Its when failures or dead time occur that athletes lose focus. This dead time can cause an athletes thoughts to wonder, this is not good for mental approaches. When minds wonder, thoughts creep in and take over. Most athletes can remember a time when they said, what if? or I should have, this is bringing up the past and thinking of things they did wrong, this is only bringing failure and negative thoughts to mind.A coach will say take out of the game the positives and dwell on those, not the bad things that may have happened. Shawn Green, a retired baseball player said, There, Id learned to separate my awareness from my mind and move it into my body and ultimately into the present moment. There, I first began to understand what it means to chop wood and carry water(McAlpine pg. 156). In, Introduction to Psychology, Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian describe something known as a cognitive map, a mental presentation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its features (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian pg. 23). This was first shown by rats learning to move through a maze with a reward at the end. Once the task has been accomplished, it is known that it can be done again, the mind barrier is a powerful thing. So powerful that once a mile was ran in under 4 minutes people realized it could be done, and now it is done daily by people everywhere. In baseball the reward is success, and the cognitive map is known as practice, and for pitchers, bullpens. References Dorgman, H. A. (2002). The mental game of baseball. 3rd ed. ). newborn York, NY Rowman & Littlefield. Jaeger , A. Getting focused, staying focused. Alan Jaeger. Mack, G. (2001). Mind gym. New York, NY Stone/Robert Daly. McAlpine, G. (2011). The way of baseball. New York, NY Simon and Schuster. Plotnik, R. (2008). Introduction to psychology. (9th ed. ). Can ada Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Santrock, J. (2010). Children. (12th ed. ). McGraw Hill Social Psychology Goals in Interaction, (2011)5thedition Kenrick, Nueberg, and Cialdin

My Argument Paper

Stefanie Markel 1/2/2012 English Composition II Maria Mahon Adoption vs. celluloid Insemination Argument Essay When starting a family, p atomic number 18nts are given some(prenominal) options. Unassisted pregnancy, where a couple gets pregnant with no outside interference, artificial insemination, or adoption are several options that a couple would consider when deciding to start a family. The both that I will focus on are the latter two, adoption and artificial insemination. Adoption is a special, somewhat heartbreaking subject for me, however, for the sake of this argument, it needs to be addressed.I will touch on the pros and cons of each technique of starting a family. My position is that the decision to adopt or be artificially inseminated is an informed decision that each person should admit after reviewing all of the information that one lot gather. IF it were me, I would prefer artificial insemination, for of course, my own personal reasons. The adoption process brings t o light several pros and several cons that a couple or single parent would need to consider before proceeding. Before considering adoption, one would need to consider these things, 1. cost of adoption, 2. ) domestic or international adoption, 3. ) and cost of caring for s bracer, 4. ) opened or closed adoption. One pro of adoption is if you are not able to have a churl of your own, there are many children out there that need a home and family to care for them. Depending on the situation a child is in, you may be saving that child from abuse, neglect, poverty, or malnutrition from environmental challenges (if adopted internationally you may see this more so than domestically).On the other hand, it may be a situation of an underage mother that has no service or ability to care for the child. Another pro of adoption is that you would be able to have a child even if you as couple or as a single mother cannot conceive on your own. A con of adoption is that it is high-ticket(prenomin al) there is a lot that goes into approving someone to be able to adopt a child. And the time that it takes for an adoption to be finalized can take months up to years. The end result of holding a child in your arms is the biggest pro of all.Now a con in the childs show up of view would be not knowing who your biological parents are or your heritage. As a child who was adopted grows older, he/she may have questions that can be difficult at best to explain depending on the circumstances of the adoption. This is where my experience comes in however, my experience is an exceptional situation. I was adopted by my matriarchal grandmother at the age of 10 years old. This was an open adoption. This made things very difficult. My mother did not just have my grandmother adopt and thusly leave me be.No, she was in and out of my life constantly, usually when it was convenient for her. This made things difficult for my adoptive mother to deal with. This is not usually a ordinary situation. My children, not by my choice, however, were also adopted last year. The adoptive parents do not allow me contact, this is a closed adoption. I hope to one day change this. (personal experience) While my mother gave up her rights willingly, I did not willingly sign the papers giving up my rights, I was forced to. These are two extreme situations of adoption.When my children get older, they will ask the questions of who they are and where they come from of their adoptive parents, then my hope is that they will come find me so that we may finally have a mother/children relationship. The second option that is available for prospective parents is artificial insemination. This is a slightly less expensive option to become parents, depending on what route you take. A pro to this, is that you can become a natural parent, by this I mean the child is yours biologically.Now depending on the situation, you may be seeking to have a child, but do not have a partner. Or your partner (male) may n ot be able to help conceive a child. These are just two reasons that you would choose this option, there are many reasons, and all are different for different people. In this process, at least one process that is, you can go to cryogenic clinic, rent the donor you wish, and have a doctor inseminate you. To choose a donor, select age, race, medical history (personal and family), profession, hobbies.This will bring up donors to choose from. Another con is that even though you can select pretty much everything more or less a donor, your child will not look like your partner, and could eventually raise questions later. Another con, as a single parent choosing this option, as your child grows older, they may ask questions that you cannot answer, as well as the question to find their biological father. In conclusion, of the two options given, each have their pros and cons but they both have a wonderful ending result, a child to love.No matter what choice you choose, remember a child is a precious responsibility and aught to take lightly. When it comes time for me to choose, it may be possible for me to choose both, having been adopted I do know the benefits to the child in a normal situation. And I would love to experience pregnancy again, although I may not have a partner, I do know that I will have much of support if I decide to do the second option. I would very much like to give a child a home someday and get them out of whatever situation they are in. References Adoption. com, retrieved 1/4/2012 from http//forums. doption. com/thanks-life/62158-seeking-adoptees-pro-life-pro-adoption-testimonies. html Adoption. org, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http//www. adoption. org/adopt/pro-adoption. php Personal Experience of being adopted and having my children taken from me and being adopted by foster parents LifeScript Healthy Living for Women, retrieved 1/3/201, http//www. lifescript. com/Health/Conditions/Womens-health/Pregnancy/The_Pros_And_Cons_Of_Artificial_Insemina tion. aspx WebMD, retrieved 1/3/2012 from http//www. webmd. com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination

Audit Program Design Part Iii

stock list and W arhousing rhythm method of birth control The scrutinise of the inventory and w atomic number 18housing cycle is designed to test inventory counts, processes, and operations. The classes of transactions in this cycle involve gross sales, value of inventory, cost of goods sold, sales returns and allowances, and estimates of allowance for slow moving inventory. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of minutesTable WK6-1 displays the interrelationships of the transaction related to inspect objectives, tests of controls, and substantive tests of transactions that should be approved during the audit process of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Table WK6-1. Inventory Warehousing cycles/second Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions analyze Design (Arens, Elder, & amp Beasley, 2006) Inventory Apollo Shoes, Inc.Transaction-Related Audit Objectives Tests of Controls Substantive Tests of Transactions Transaction-Related Audit Objective Tests of Controls Substant ive Tests of Transactions Inventory as enter on tags exists (existence). * Select a hit-or-miss sample of tag numbers and identify the tag with that number attached to the actual inventory. * Observe whether front line of inventory takes place during the count. Existing inventory is counted and tagged, and tags are accounted for to make genuine none are absentminded (completeness). * Examine inventory to make sure it is tagged. * Observe whether movement of inventory takes place during the count. * Inquire as to inventory in other locations. Inventory is counted accurately (accuracy). * Recount clients counts to make sure the recorded counts are accurate on the tags (also check descriptions and unit of count, such as dozen or gross). * Compare physical counts with perpetual inventory master file. * Record clients counts for later(prenominal) testing. Inventory is classified correctly on the tags (classification). * Examine inventory descriptions on the tags and compare with the actual inventory for newfangled material, work-in-process, and finished goods. * Evaluate whether the percent of design recorded on the tags for work-in-process is reasonable. Information is obtained to make sure sales and inventory purchases are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). * Record in the audit files for subsequent follow-up the last receiving report number used at year-end. * Make sure the inventory for the above item was included in the physical count. The client has rights to inventory recorded on tags (rights). * Inquire closely consignment or customer inventory included on clients premises. * Be spiffy for inventory that is set aside or specially marked as indications of non-ownership. Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures whoremaster be performed several times during an engagement * In the planning phase to assist in find out the nature, extent, and timing of work to be performed. During the testing phase of the audit in conjunction wi th the audit procedures, and * During the completion phase of the audit as a final review for material mis storys for financial problems and to help the attendee take a final objective look at the financial statements that have been audited (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006, p. 208). Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) inform that one of the most important analytical procedures for uncovering misstatements of the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are analyze current with prior year.Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are presented in Table WK6-2. Table WK6-2. Inventory and Warehousing Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder & Beasley, 2006) cash Cycle The following tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for the immediate payment Cycle discussed by Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) are designed to tick existence, completeness, accuracy, classification, timing, and summarization.Table WK6 -3 illustrates the design of test of controls and substantive tests of Cash Cycle. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Cash Apollo Shoes, Inc. Transaction-Related Audit Objectives Tests of Controls Substantive Tests of Transactions Transaction-Related Audit Objective Tests of Controls Substantive Tests of Transactions Cash in the lingo as stated on the reconciliation exists (existence) * Receipt and tests of a assert confirmation. * cogent evidence account exists and balances are accurate. Existing cash in the bank is recorded (completeness). * Receipt and tests of a cutoff bank statement. * Tests of the bank reconciliation Cash in the bank as stated on the reconciliation is accurate (accuracy). * Tests of the bank reconciliation. * Extended tests of the bank reconciliation. * Tests for kiting. * Proof of cash. Cash in the bank is properly presented and disclosed (presentation and disclosure). * Examine minutes, loan agreements, and obtain confirmatio n for restrictions on the use of cash and compensating balances. * Review financial statements to make sure (a) material savings accounts and certificates of deposit are disclosed separately from cash in the bank,(b) cash restricted to certain uses and compensating balances are adequately disclosed, and (c) bank overdrafts are included as current liabilities. Cash receipts and cash disbursements transactions are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). * Cash receiptsCount the cash on hand on the last day of the year and by and by trace to deposits in transit and the cash receipts journal. Cash disbursementsRecord the last check number used on the last day of the year and subsequently trace to the outstanding checks and the cash disbursements journal * Trace deposits in transit to subsequent period bank statement (cutoff bank statement). * Trace outstanding checks to subsequent period bank statement. Table WK6-3. Cash Cycle Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Audit Design (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Cash Cycle are presented in Table WK6-4.Table WK6-4 Cash Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) References Arens, A. A. , Elder, R. J. , & Beasley, M. S. (2006). Auditing and assurance services an integrated approach (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Louwers, T. J. , & Reynolds, J. K. (2007). Apollo shoes, inc. An audit case to accompany auditing and assurance services. University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text. New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,ACC546 Auditing website.

Literacy Autobiography Essay

I pretend fill out a long way down my road of knowledge and chinking of English throughout my life story and it has interpreted me places and shown me things I would return never call fored when I basic started out on this long journey, and it includes things that nigh some other showers do not. I have learned so more, so tumultuous and it has taken me far from home and around the world. While most of the mickle I know have traveled the same road their social unit lives and have grown up in very a uniform(p) ways, my experiences tell a whole contrary story.I was born and raised as a pincer in Beijing, china and grew up around people that spoke mandarin Chinese every(prenominal) the duration. mandarin orange tree was my primary language growing up as a child, I learned how to read and spell out when I first started school and I have been speaking Mandarin for twenty years now. This was my first challenge I faced about learning because it takes so much memorizatio n and practice to learn such a vast language and there were times when I thought I couldnt do it but I got serve up from my parents and my instructors.At times I wanted to give up because my give instructioners would get mad at me for swearing or authorship the wrong thing. I remember a certain memory in third grade of organism called to the board to spell the word student, but I spelled it incorrectly and Ill never forget because the whole class laughed at me and the teacher was very disappointed. But I k sore I couldnt give up and with enough time and effort I began to get good at writing essays and reading books in Chinese.As I progressed in school they started teaching English along with Mandarin because it is such an important language to the world and astray used and this just added to the challenge of being a successful student. With much uphold from my parents and teachers I started to learn enough English to read my first book, which was Forest Gump, which I reall y comparabled and it to a fault became wholeness of my dearie movies. I stickd on through school learning more(prenominal) and more of twain languages and in blue school things got even more complicated.I went to a very competitive high school and the teachers were very hard on us so many more hours of studying were mandatory in order to meet the grades I was expected to reach. It was when I was in high school that I finally decided what I wanted to do with my life and it was to pursue a career in business in the United States of America. My father was a successful military man in china but I knew that was something I did not want to follow. Growing up I heard so many great things about America and saw many things on TV and I knew that was where I wanted to fetch a career and become successful.But in order to meet such a large goal I knew I had to strengthen my English and work much harder. So I looked at all my options available to me and I lay down a program at the Unive rsity of Texas at Austin called, English as a Second Language (ESL), where I could learn English and also learn its tillage at the same time. Uninterested in a future in the military, like my dad, and high hopes for a future in business, I decided to give the ESL program a look for and move to America where so many more opportunities would be available to me and be given a chance to become a lot more successful.My mom also played a rangy role in my decision because she too chose to move to America and she had so many great things to say about it. Moving to Austin, TX and being at UT was a huge change for me and opened my thought to a lot new things that I had never even known before. The school there was like nothing Id ever experienced before and I had to learn a whole new language in a short amount of time, while at the same time adapt to a whole new culture. The ESL program was the most drastic change in my life because it changed many things for me including my culture, lite rature, interests, and personality.I had to learn a whole new set of guidelines of learning but I worked hard and it paid off and I continue to use everything I have learned these preceding(a) few years in order to succeed at UTPA and return to UT Austin where I ass pursue a future in business. Although Ive spent years studying English, I silence feel like Im a step behind everybody else because of the difficulty I have with reading and writing. Its not as difficult for the people that have English as their primary language, but as they talk and write they also comprehend the message behind everything that is being communicated.But growing up in a different country this is a huge obstruction for me because even though i have learned to read and write like all the others, I cant comprehend the meanings behind it as fast as other people can. This has proved to be a big challenge for me at the university level and Ive learned that even though the students are given the same mater ials as me and the same opportunities, it takes me longer than the other students to figure out what to do with the materials.I have been exposed to the culture here long enough to learn things that will help me to adapt more to my surroundings and make it easier to reach success, such as music. I have constantly love music but I have only recently discovered that I can use it to my advantage as a literary device. Once I got to America I neglect in love with the pop culture and the music it creates and it became a big part of my life so I started incorporating it into my daily habits. But I found that if I focus rather than just please the rhythm and words, I can learn from the music at the same time.For example, Kanye West is one of my favorite artists and I love the music he makes, but when I focus in more on what he is singing about I can learn things like important subjects in society, grammar they use, menstruum events, and the different meanings and con text editions of wo rds I have never heard. I learned many things when moving from China but one of the most useful things I have come to learn is that there is more than what meets the eye and music is more than just music to me now, it is a useful literary device.So I started looking out for more things that could prove to be useful to me and I noticed more reformatory things that most students do not even think could bene hold up their English learning abilities. Like the media for example, people think TV is a waste of time and will not teach you anything more than bootless reality TV and lies, but if you focus in more you can learn anything from spelling to new words people use, also called slang. In short, lecturers construct meaning by building multifacted, interwoven, representations of knowledge. The flowing text, prior texts, and the reading context can exert varying degrees of influence on this process, but it is the reader who must integrate information into meaning. (Haas & Flower 168 ). Haas and Flower explain how it depends on the reader to interpret the text and construct meaning from it and that different people whitethorn interpret the meaning differently.And with the varying degrees of influence that texts may have on people has more influence on me because simple things like music and media continue to teach me things that most kids do not even recognize. Education has a whole new meaning to me than other students may have because of all the other obstacles that come with studying in a different culture than the one raised in. Students have little to worry about in my opinion because all they have to worry about is school and how hallenging there classes are, but a student like me has so much more to worry about because even outside of the classroom I am still faced with learning challenges even when it comes to talking with friends. Do I have the same chances as the other students to succeed even though things are more difficult for me? The answer to thi s question depends greatly on your teacher. In a similar fashion, asking to teach donnish writing begs the question which academic writing what content, what genre, for what activity, context, and audience?FYC teachers are thus forced to define academic discourse for themselves before they can teach it. (Downs & Wardle 556). I agree with Downs and Wardle by saying that not all teachers are the same, some teachers are more intelligent and more qualified than some of the others out there and that they might define their view of academic discourse differently than others. And if a student is lucky enough to get a teacher with a loose definition of academic discourse and does not ask much of their students then the student has a better chance at success.There are many things that affect a students chance at success in the classroom but my question is, does a student in my situation still have a chance at the same opportunities as the other students in spite of the other students hea d start? In reading the essays and writing this paper I have developed a theory that a student in my situation with a novel start in their learning abilities has to go the extra mile in order to adapt to the culture and the learning demeanors that come with it so that they have the same opportunities as the other students.And I have found that we do have the opportunity and the same chances of success as the other students do, we just have find the tools that will take us that extra mile. In order to find those tools you have to find the patience, finale and will inside yourself to take on the challenge ahead of you, but without these characteristics you will surely wear out along the way only to find out that all your time and effort were for nothing. You have to expect that taking on such a challenge is a very difficult task and you have to expect that there will be many bumps along the way.Thinking it will be an well-heeled road to follow and not anticipating any trouble wil l also bring you failure in the end. So not only do students in my situation have to physically work harder by studying and devoting their time to learning, but they also have to mentally prepare themselves for the challenge and any bumps you may find along the way. With time I have learned some things that help my literature and help me to become a better writer and student of English just by simply listen to music or watching whats on TV.I knew I needed as much practice and help as I could get and I also knew how much I loved music and reality TV, so with my theory of my new literacy practices in mind I put the 2 together and practice this all the time to sharpen my skills. I cant say this resultant role will work for everybody in a situation similar to mine but I do know that if you keep an open mind it will be easier to develop practices that fit your specific style of learning just as I did.Theres something out there that will fit your certain learning style but you just hav e to be patient and it will come to you eventually. I will close my theory with a question, if a student grows up in a different culture with a different way of learning things, can he still carry through the goals he sets for himself even though he is adapting to a different culture and way of learning at the same time?

Understanding Job Satisfaction, Loyalty, Commitment

Job contentment as a ruling whitethorn have different definitions, but the core essence of it lays in the feelings which an employee has when he is asked about his trick. These feelings freighter express total gladness with the job, simple happiness to total discontent. The reasons of the dissatisfaction should be viewed deeper, and in order to locate the principle factors which cause the employee be unsatisfied it is essential to consider various separate aspects of the employees relationships at manoeuver whether he is dissatisfied with the physical environment, or with the relationships with other employees or a supervisor, etc. Kirkman 25) What is job satisfaction and why it is needed Job satisfaction as the integral part of the employee successful performance at work has become a subject of acute attention only recently simultaneously, only a couple of(prenominal) firms (organizations) were able to apply its recommendations and strategies to their activity. Job satisfa ction should be taken as the opportunity for the organization to well im ratify its general performance.It is understandable, that the employees who are satisfied with their jobs appear to be more(prenominal) productive, committed to what they do and as a result the clients become also more satisfied with the fictional character of products and services they get, increasing its report and profits. Organizations, which are able to create environment which go away attract, benefit, motivate and retain the hard- on the job(p)(a) employees, will finally be better positioned and will succeed in the competitive business environment, where the main aims to achieve are the quality and cost-effectiveness.It will be understood later, that job satisfaction is far not always connected with the lucre and financial side of this job thus cost-efficiency is highly possible if the experienced HR manager inactivates the clandestine potentials of devising employees satisfied with their jobs. (Kirkman 36) Not always job satisfaction goes in line with the wishes of the employee.Sometimes it observes that job satisfaction at the employee train does not brings positive changes at the company level it may happen that the employee is fully satisfied with the situation of coming to his workplace and doing nothing in this case job satisfaction has nothing to do with the general companys work and advancement. (Leonard 44) How to improve job satisfaction In improving the working(a) environment as one of the means for improving job satisfaction of employees it is essential to change the working conditions in which people work.First of all, these conditions impact the level of pride and the feeling of prestige among employees second, through the working conditions employees understand for what they work. The environment should be up-to-date, and it is no secret that even new furniture and newest technological solutions will make the employee more satisfied with what he does. Th e personal space of each employee should be considered very exhaustively and it is very valuable for the management to take into account the wishes and suggestions which employees have for this issue.It is often, when the employer tries to save additional costs and hires low-spirited office making it overcrowded ultimately this negatively impacts the performance of the whole staff that has to work in this enclose all day long. It influences intrapersonal relations, and thus the quality of work done. Thus, this is not the right means of saving, and the cost-effectiveness is not set aside here. (Leonard 44) These have been the master(prenominal) hygienics issues which should be resolved before the manager or the employer decides to take business organization for the motivation problems.In making employees motivated and thus more satisfied with their jobs, the principal aspect is belike to make them understand that they do valuable work, which is appreciated and of which they sh ould be proud. It is difficult, but it makes the essential part of making the employee motivated. In the desire to motivate employees various means are appropriate, and one of the most widely-spread is the instrument for overlap success stories of other employees who used to work in the company and have made career, or to prove to the employee that the tasks which he is obliged to fulfill are essential for the whole company performance. Make a enlarged deal out of meaningful tasks that may have become ordinary, such as new-baby visits. Of course employees may not find all their tasks interesting or rewarding, but you should show the employee how those tasks are essential to the general processes that make the practice succeed. You may find certain tasks that are truly unnecessary and can be eliminated or streamlined, resulting in greater efficiency and satisfaction. (Jamal 55) ConclusionThe aim of the work was to discuss job satisfaction as a notion and to suggest possible solut ions for the increase of job satisfaction among employees. It has become lightsome that job satisfaction is a very complex meaning and in order to use it properly, it should be considered from the viewpoint of various aspects, included into it, the amount of which is numerous. Job satisfaction influences performance of every worker, and ultimately it influences the level of the company performance.Making the employee satisfied through understanding the meaning of his work as well as being proud of what he does will increase the level of customer satisfaction and thus the written report and prestige of the enterprise as a whole. (Spector 35) The principal difference between the hygiene issues and those related to motivation, is that hygiene issues resolved make the workers less dissatisfied with their jobs, while motivational issues make them more effective and productive. (Spector 35) enquire employees of what they feel about their jobs is essential for the management, because acc ounting the employees desires and suggestions will make them feel meaningful and thus promote their motivation and self-efficacy. The description of job satisfaction is useful for each employer to read and know the principal issues connected with this problem. With the development of the new technologies and new jobs, job satisfaction appears to decline among many professions, thus needing more attention on the side of employers. (Spector 35)

The impact on the american public school system

Democracy and affirmation ar footings that ar clearly determinable yet easy misunderstood. Education is the procedure of determining purchase lay out and future coevalss ( Hollis, as stated in Carr & A Harnett, 1996 ) nevertheless, it is more than than simply learning immature slew to read, compose, and decipher. Education is about fixing people to go responsible citizens, bettoring societal conditions, and advancing cultural integrity ( Do We Still Need human beings Schools, 1996 ) . Democracy, on the other manus, is a familiar word that continues to be at the centre of confusion and abuse. define as a type of authorities in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised straight by them, democracy is a set of ideals and rules by and large environing the thought of liberty.When jointly trying to incision democracy and focal point, it is easy to happen yourself amongst a sea of vagueness, confusion, and obfuscation. Possibly the most effectual manner to specify, explicate, or understand the interconnection between democracy and instruction is to show a clear illustration of a critical issue within the American instruction scheme and the impact it has on our state s democracy standardise demonstrateing for answerability.Standardized proving for answerability, besides known all(prenominal) moment naughty bets proving, has wrench a combative cause for argument. It, harmonizing to Dylan ( 2010 ) , is best described as the usage of appraise operation ravels for the smell of keeping instructors, aims, and territories accountable ( p. 107 ) . Populating in a democratic society, instructors, checks, and territories atomic number 18 being held accountable by taxpayers and parents ( although these are frequently the same people ) for the exclusive intent of guaranting that pupils enrolled in the American cosmos inculcate system are having an appropriate instruction.The history of standardised proving for answerability can day of the month back to the nineteenth carbon when cosmos tames in England and Wales had been financed by voluntary organisations. By 1833, the function of support within the earth schools expanded to include grants for the building of new edifices, the preparation of instructors, and for the encouragement of go toing school ( Dylan, 2010 ) . In 1858, a Royal Commission was established to ask into the body politic of popular instruction in England and to see what travel were required for extension of sound and inexpensive direction. The Commission s psychoanalyze, published in 1861, recommended that the sum of open m wizy p tutelage to individually simple school should depend on three factors the status of the school edifices pupil attending and the public presentation of the pupils go toing the school on an impromptu scrutiny of every kid in every school to which grants were paid.Like England and Wales, govern proving within the United utters dates back to the n ineteenth century nevertheless involvement in standardised testing for answerability may be traced to the watershed 1966 study Equality of Educational Opport unity, besides known as the Coleman study for its lead writer, sociologist James Coleman. indite as a survey to compare the distribution of resources and chances among kids of contrary races, the Coleman study besides examined differences in acquirement tonss, or outcomes. Ravitch ( 2002 ) stated that the survey was important for m whatever grounds, including the displacement in explore focal burden from in roams to consequences, ensuing in the writers determination to analyze how school resources affected processment ( p. 14 ) .Prior to the Coleman study, instruction tame had focused chiefly on the distribution of resources, on the premise that more generous commissariats for instructors wages, installations, textual matter editions, and supplies would repair whatever ailed the state s schools. After the Coleman s tudy, rightists advanced a broader array of proposals, many of which seek alterations in public presentation preferably than, or in add-on to, additions in resources ( Ravitch, 2002 ) . This displacement in focal point from resources to student accomplishment was facilitated by the increased handiness of visitation tonss.In 1970, the authorship of the National Assessment of Education Progress ( NAEP ) provided cumulative new learnings and tendency lines to document educational accomplishment of American pupils. By 1992, the NAEP coverage was expanded to include pupils in engross parting provinces. As more and more information was collected about pupil public presentation, elected functionaries came under force per unit area to practise something about low accomplishment and about the big spreads among different groups of pupils. Confronted with the demand to better their schools in order to rive new industries to their provinces and vicinities, elected functionaries, harmon izing to Ravitch ( 2002 ) , looked at instruction much as they looked at other maps of authorities and at private corporations. Elected functionaries concluded that what mattered most was consequences that is, whether pupils were larning. They used tribulation tonss as the best step of pupil acquisition, and they urged that schools should concentrate unrelentingly on bettering pupil accomplishment.By the early mid-eighties, governors were tour to concern leaders as their natural anyiess in seeking to better their province s educational system. In every province, instruction was the individual biggest budget point, normally devouring 40 per centum of the province s outgos ( Ravitch, 2002 ) . Some governors wanted to acquire instruction under their control, some wanted to do instruction outgo more cost effectual, and most wanted to carry through both. The governors looked to concern leaders for advice on pull offing complex, labour-intensive organisations. The concern leaders lo oked at the schools through the lenses that were customary for them. They expected to see transparence of describing about budget, resources, operations, and consequences they expected to see answerability for public presentation. They encouraged governors and other elected functionaries to see inducement constructions that worked routinely in concern to better public presentation.In April 1983, the biggest accelerator for alteration within the public school system came in the signifier of a study titled A State At endangerment. The National Commission on Excellence in Education issued its eye-opening study that indicted educational functionaries, schools leaders, and the American reality for complacence ( A Nation Accountable, 2008 ) . The recommendations set Forth in A State At Risk promised permanent reform through demanding the best attempt and public presentation from all pupils, whether they are gift or less able, flush or disadvantaged, whether destined for college, the farm, or industry ( U.S. Dept. of Ed. , 1983 ) . A State At Risk marked the beginning of an development in proving for answerability and standards-based instruction reform.This motion towards standards-based instruction and idea that began with A State At Risk went national with the transition of the Improving America s Schools flake of 1994 ( IASA ) . IASA reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( ESEA ) , foremost enacted as portion of President Lyndon Johnson s state of war on Poverty that was designed to concentrate federal support on hapless schools with low accomplishing pupils. In exchange for stressing higher pupil larning results, the revamped ESEA gave provinces and vicinities more flexibleness to plan and run their ain federally funded instruction plans. The 1994 ESEA was intended to work in concert with Goals 2000 Educate America Act, which supported province and local attempts to put ambitious content and public presentation criterions and t o transport out school reforms that will raise the performance degrees of all pupils ( U.S. Dept. of Ed. , 1996 ) .With the new millenary, the criterions and answerability motion reached a new degree. President George W. Bush called for important reforms at the federal degree, which led to the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) . This jurisprudence, which was passed with bipartizan bulks in Congress and with the support of the concern and civil rights communities, built on the nates laid in the 1980s and 1990s by guaranting that provinces accepting federal authorities s targeted investing agree to step and study on consequences in footings of criterions and answerability.No Child Left Behind was complex and contained many plans, nevertheless its fundamental focal point was answerability. This was an issue that brought together Republicans and Democrats. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2002 ) , had there non been bipartizan understanding on answerability, NCLB would neer assert become a jurisprudence. Both parties believed that answerability was the lever that would raise accomplishment.While many advocates for educational reform will reason that standardised proving for answerability is a agency to transfuse a positive alteration, the cleverness and value of standardised testing is frequently capable for argument. Assorted surveies raise inquiries about whether betterments in essay tonss sincerely signal an betterment for larning ( Cannell, 1988 ) . Other surveies point to standardise trials narrowness of content, their deficiency of lucifer with agate line of study and direction, their disregard of higher order accept accomplishments, and the limited relevancy and meaningfulness of their multiple pick formats. Harmonizing to Herman ( 1994 ) , instead than exercising a positive influence on pupil acquisition, proving may trivialise the acquisition and instructional procedure, distort course of study, and usurp valuable instructional cl ip.When concentrating on the cause of standardised proving for answerability, it is indispensable to discover whether or non betterments in trials tonss really signal an betterment for larning. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , the information derived from trials can be highly valuable, if the trials are valid and dependable. Test consequences can demo what pupils have learned, have non learned, and where they assume betterment. They can state parents how their kids are making in comparing to other kids of their age and class. Test consequences can inform instructors and school end makers to find which pupils need extra aid or different methods of direction. It can place pupils who need aid in larning English or particular instruction services. They can inform educational leaders and insurance shapers about the advancement of the instruction system as a whole. Consequences can demo which plans are doing a difference and which are non, which should be expanded and which should be terminated. Last, they can assist to direct extra support, preparation, and resources to instructors and schools that need them ( Ravitch, 2010 ) .The drawback with utilizing standardised trials to do of import determinations about people s lives is that standardised trials are non precise instruments ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . All trials have a border of mistake and the same pupil could bring forth different tonss when winning the same trial on different yearss. Testing experts ( Ravitch, 2010 ) often remind school functionaries that standardized trial tonss should non be used in isolation to do eventful determinations about pupils, but in concurrence with other steps of pupil public presentation, such as classs, category engagement, prep, and instructors recommendations.When finding if a standardised trial signals an betterment of acquisition, or deficiency thereof, skill, as stated by Riffert ( 2005 ) , becomes a inquiry of whether a trial does so mensurate what its developers inten ded to mensurate. If a trial fails to supply an acceptable degree of cogency for a certain intent, the consequences are deemed useless. The cogency of standardised trials relies mostly on the course of study taught by the instructors prior to the existent trial. Adequate exposure to the course of study allows each pupil a comely opportunity to derive cognition of the stuff. However, it is virtually impossible to obtain curriculum cogency at the province or national degree due to a high grade of diverseness within each schoolroom, school site, territory, and province ( Riffert, 2005 ) . For this ground, seldom will the trial green goods consequences that replicate aims that coincide with the schoolroom ( Goodwin and Driscoll, 1980 ) .The effects of standardised proving for answerability go beyond dependability and cogency. A common concern heard by educational leaders is narrowness of content due to a focal point on essence course of study. Similarly, many advocates argue that stan dardised proving for answerability disregards higher order believing accomplishments and alternatively focal points on lower order believing accomplishments such as callback of facts and information ( Dylan, 2010 ) .As advocates for standardised testing for answerability continue to concentrate on increasing trial tonss, instructors and decision makers are laboured to concentrate their attempts on trial readying, go forthing many to oppugn whether an addition in trial tonss signals an general addition in cognition. In a widely reported analysis, Amrein and Berliner ( 2002 ) examined the impact of the debut of proving for answerability in 18 provinces. They concluded that although there was clear grounds that tie ining answerability ( effects ) to prove mark results had increased tonss on the trials used within the plan, there was no grounds of improved trial tonss on other related steps. Furthermore, they found that the debut of standardised proving for answerability was associate d with increased pupil dropout rates, inappropriate trial readying patterns, and decreased teacher morale. A subsequent analysis ( Amrein & A Berliner, 2002 ) confirmed these findings and indicated that the debut of high school graduation scrutinies was associated with a lowering of mean academic accomplishment.While standardised proving for answerability undoubtedly robs pupils of an reliable acquisition experience, the most scarey impact is the impression that high-stakes testing via medias our democratic society. Democracy is the foundation of our state s history and hereafter, and guaranting and prolonging it is at the bosom of the American public school system. Harmonizing to A State at Risk, a high degree of shared instruction is indispensable to a free, democratic society and to the fosterage of a common civilization, particularly in a state that prides itself on pluralism and single freedom ( 1983 ) .Because democracy assumes and depends upon active and engaged people ( Do We Still Need Public Schools, 1996 ) , the American public school system is the vehicle in which to educate all people in order to accomplish certain basic democratic ends. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , in a democracy, shoal is vitally of import and really different from schooling in other societies. No other establishment in our society is every bit suited as the public schools for presenting the immature to both the thoughts inherent in a societal and political democracy every bit good as the ideals from which democracy is derived.Harmonizing to Wolk ( 2007 ) , we are populating in a school psychotic belief. He poses the inquiry, Do we truly believe that our schools animate our kids to populate a life of contemplation, imaginativeness, empathy, and societal duty? ( p. 649 ) . Because of standardised proving for answerability, our state, and our schools are afflicted with a famine of educational imaginativeness, a deficiency of pedagogic bravery, and rampant anti-intel lectualism ( Wolk, 2007 ) . Our textbook-driven course of study have become educational ageless gesture machines of rational, moral, and originative averageness. We slow down and sanitise the course of study in the name of techno-rational efficiency and American Interests ( Wolk, 2007 ) .When our kids s school experiences are chiefly about make fulling in spaces on worksheets, regurgitating facts from text editions, composing formulaic five-paragraph essays, victorious multiple pick trials, and doing the occasional panorama that is, when they are barren of chances to make an original idea we should wait the obvious result kids and subsequently grownups who are unable to believe for themselves. None of this should surprise us. Passive schooling creates inactive people. If we want people to believe, larn, and attention about the many dimensions of life, if we want neighbours who accept duty of be givening to the globe and doing it a better topographic point, so we need schoo ls and course of study that are really about life and the universe. Alternatively, we have schools that prepare kids to believe like a wassailer ( Wolk, 2007 ) .In order for democracy to go on on, there is an undoubted demand for the production of democratic people via the public school system. However, standardized proving for answerability is working against the production of democratic people and is alternatively, fabricating future citizens satisfied with averageness and ignorance. From compose course of study to a focal point entirely on mathematics and linguistic communion humanistic disciplines, schools that are committed to merely bettering standardised trials tonss have produced a state of ace trial takers. Our current public school system has done nil to develop thoughtful, considerate human existences, or to educate a democratic people ( Ravitch, 2010 ) .The transition of No Child Left Behind has make proving and accountability our national instruction scheme. The chief intent was to raise trial tonss, irrespective of whether or non pupils acquired any cognition of history, scientific discipline, literature, geographics, the humanistic disciplines, and other topics that were non of import for answerability intents. Harmonizing to Ravitch ( 2010 ) , accent on trial public presentation to run into criterions in certain academic countries may decrease the end of constructing active and morally sensitive citizens who carry out their civic responsibilities.Over the last decennary, pedagogues, policymakers, and the populace have begun to hammer a consensus that our public schools must concentrate on better fixing all kids for the demands of citizenship in the twenty-first century ( Investing In a Culture of Learning, 2010 ) . This push has resulted in the rise of standardised testing as the agencies of educating and measuring the success of all pupils, schools, and territories enrolled in the public school system. However, as outlined within this pap er, standardized proving for answerability has many unintended effects, including narrowing of the course of study and experiences, a focal point on lower degree thought as opposed to high order thought, a turning dissatisfaction amongst pedagogues and parents, and in conclusion, the impression that standardized proving for answerability via medias our democratic society. Despite the cooling and formidable effects, many advocates of educational reform are inquiring the inquiry if non standardized proving for answerability, so what? Performance based appraisal, besides known as reliable appraisal, is an equivocal construct to pedagogues ( Keyser & A Howell, 2008 ) . Some refer to as a specific appraisal that reflects a real-world context while others describe it as an appraisal aligned to real-world activities or some junto thereof. Harmonizing to Wood, et Al ( 2007 ) , public presentation appraisals are tools that allow instructors to garner information about what pupils can make with what they are larning scientific discipline experiments that pupils design, carry out, analyze, and compose up computing machine plans that pupils create and test out research enquiries that they pursue, seeking and piecing grounds about a inquiry, and showing it in written and unwritten signifier. Whether the accomplishment or criterion being measured is composing, speech production, scientific or mathematical literacy, or cognition of history and societal scientific discipline research, pupils really execute undertakings affecting these accomplishments and the instructor observes and gathers information about, and scores the public presentation based upon a set of pre-determined standards.Performance based appraisal, frequently topically controlled and affecting multiple steps of accomplishment, offer a manner to travel beyond the bounds and proscribe effects of standardised proving for answerability ( Wood, et Al, 2007 ) . When comparing standardized proving for answera bility and public presentation based appraisals, the research ( Wood et al, 2007 ) suggests that such appraisals are better tools for demoing the extent to which pupils have developed higher order believing accomplishments, such as the abilities to analyse, synthesise, and evaluate information. They lead to more student battle in acquisition and stronger public presentation on the sorts of reliable undertakings that better resemble what they will necessitate to make in the universe outside of school. They besides provide richer feedback to instructors, taking to improved acquisition results for pupils.As a state, we need a strong and vivacious public instruction system. Ravitch ( 2010 ) stated that as we seek to reform our schools, we must take attention to make no injury. In fact, we must take attention to do our public schools one time once more the pride of our state. Our public instruction system is the cardinal component of our democratic society. Our public schools have been t he tract to chance and a better life for coevalss of Americans, giving them the tools to manner their ain life and to better the general public assistance of all. To the extent that we strengthen them, we strengthen our democracy ( pgs. 241-242 ) .